Subjects: Biology >> Ecology submitted time 2018-01-05 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract： Agricultural heritage system is a new type of heritage with outstanding ecological value, cultural value and social and economic value. Traditional knowledge is not only the experience and wisdom that local residents accumulated during their long-terms adaptation with the natural environment, but also the structural existence in agricultural heritage system. Traditional knowledge which exists every aspect of the local residents’ life hosts a supporting role in agricultural heritage system. Thus, protecting it is an important way to protect agricultural heritage system. However, there are few studies on traditional knowledge of agricultural heritage system, and there is not a exact difinition of it. In this study, we summarized the definition and connotation of the traditional knowledge in the relevant international conventions and studies. According to the specific characteristics of agricultural heritage, the traditional knowledge in agricultural heritage system was defined as the knowledge, innovation and practice which were accumlated in the long-terms agriculture production and daily life by the residents in agricultural heritage system, and it were closely related to livelihood maintenance, resource management, biodiversity conservation, spiritual belief and many other aspects. It could be divided into traditional knowledge of livelihood maintenance, traditional knowledge of biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge of traditional skills, traditional knowledge of culture as well as traditional knowledge of natural resources management. Also, we defined each category of traditional knowledge separately and gave examples. In addition, we took Pu’er Traditional Tea Agrosystem as the example, analyzed the the relationship between the traditional knowledge and agricultural heritage system. There were 269 pieces of traditional knowledge in the system, and the unique combination of these traditional knowledges and the natual, social and cultural conditions constituted the profound connotation of Pu’er Traditional Tea Agrosystem and made it a GIAHS site. Besides, traditional knowledge had a positive impact on the agricultural heritage system in many aspects, including maintaining itself, enriching its cultural value and protecting its ecological environment. Then, we analyzed the existing problems in the protection of the traditional knowledge. In Pu’er Traditional Tea Agrosystem, the physical carrier of traditional knowledge was damaged and the transmission of the traditional knowledge was facing crisis. Meanwhile, the tourism and foreign cultures had a negative impact on the traditional knowledge in agricultural heritage system. What’s more, the protection of it was lacked of effective measures. Based on that, we provided several suggestions to conserve the traditional knowledge in agricultural heritage system. Firstly, the local residents should enhanced their awareness of protecting the traditional knowledge; Next, the local government should integrate the protection of it into their agricultural heritage system conservation planning; Also, the researchers should conduct the investigation, collation and cataloging of the traditional knowledge in agricultural heritage system, so we could effectively protect it according to the actual situation; Besides, the inheritance of the traditional knowledge should be strengthened, thus, the phenomenon of gradual loss of it could be alleviated; At last, we should use the existing institutions to protect the traditional knowledge in agricultural heritage system. Through these conservation actions, we could not only protect the traditional knowledge in the agricultural heritage system but also protect and develop the agricultural heritage system.
Subjects: Biology >> Ecology submitted time 2018-01-05 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract： Ecosystem dynamics in arid and semiarid climates are strongly dependent on the soil water availability which, in turn, is the result of a number of complex and mutually interacting hydrological processes. Furthermore, soil moisture dynamics is an indispensable part of the research on the interactions and feedbacks between hydrological processes and terrestrial ecosystem processes, which is the result of non-linear interactions among a series of hydrological, climatic, and ecological processes. Consequently, soil moisture content and its dynamics needs to be studied by stochastic eco-hydrological models, which can reasonably describe the characteristics of soil moisture dynamics including the pulse, erratic, and random processes. Moreover, eco-hydrological model calibration and validation are essential for model evaluation and application. It is important for model application to accurately estimate the values of eco-hydrological model parameters and to further improve the capacity of model prediction. In this study, to establish an effective method system for sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of Laio soil moisture dynamic stochastic model (Laio model) parameters in a ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system in semi-arid area, a field experiment with a randomized complete block design was conducted during the 2012 and 2013 oats growing seasons at the Dingxi Arid Meteorology and Ecological Environment Experimental Station. The experiment was designed to investigate the parameters’ sensitivity and determine the optimal plan for the parameters’ optimization of Laio model in different mulching materials (common plastic film, biodegradable mulching film and manual compacted soil) and different ridge-furrow ratios (60 : 30, 60 : 45, and 60 : 60 [cm : cm]) of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system based on the multi-factor sensitivity analysis method and the improved simplex method (ISM), the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and the hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm (HPSO). The results indicated that: (1) the mean amount of precipitation per rainfall event (α) and the degree of soil saturation at wilting point (sw) were the most sensitive parameters for the probabilistic density function of soil moisture (p(s)) in different experimental treatments, and the sensitivity of p(s) to parameter α and sw is more obvious under soil moisture content and high soil moisture content, respectively; (2) A good agreement between the result of modeling by the optimized parameters of Laio model using three optimization algorithms (ISM, PSO and HPSO) and observation was found based on the curve shape of p(s) which included the curve peak value (CPV), the position of the peak (PP), the confidence interval of 95% (CI95%) and the consistency measure (CM), indicating the optimized parameters of Laio model by the ISM, PSO and HPSO is able to estimate the p(s) in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system; and (3) HPSO not only improves the global optimization performance, but also quickens the convergence speed and obtains robust results with good quality, which indicates HPSO is an effective optimization method for Laio model calibration and validation in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system. This study could improve the efficiency of model parameters calibration, upgrade the accuracy of model simulation result, and provide guidance for the application research of Laio model in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system.
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Basic Disciplines of Agriculture submitted time 2017-11-08 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract：白粉病是小麦的重要病害之一, 优异抗病种质的鉴定和利用是控制该病害的有效措施。当前, 我国小麦生产中的多数栽培品种和品系对白粉病表现为感病, 可利用的优异抗性基因为数不多, 因此, 很有必要发掘新的有效抗源和抗性基因。我国小麦农家品种‘红蚰子’(京2350)苗期对国内38个小麦白粉病原菌菌株中的34个表现为高抗至免疫, 且成株期对石家庄地区的田间混合白粉病原菌表现为免疫或近免疫。为了进一步研究‘红蚰子’抗白粉病遗传特点, 发掘并利用其中的优异抗白粉病基因, 本研究利用白粉菌E09菌株, 分别对‘红蚰子’与感病亲本‘铭贤169’和‘辉县红’组合各自的F1、F2后代植株和F2:3株系, 进行苗期抗性鉴定和抗性遗传分析。结果表明, ‘红蚰子’与‘铭贤169’和‘辉县红’组合的所有F1均感病, 各自F2后代植株中抗病植株与感病植株的比例均符合1∶3分离比, 且各自F2:3株系中纯合抗病株系∶杂合株系∶纯合感病株系的比例均符合1∶2∶1的比例。因此, ‘红蚰子’对E09菌株的抗性由1对隐性基因控制, 暂时命名为PmHYZ。‘红蚰子’是我国农家品种中优异的白粉病抗源, 研究并发掘其中的抗性基因, 将为其在抗病育种中的有效利用奠定基础。
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Basic Disciplines of Agriculture submitted time 2017-11-08 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract：精准施肥是减少农业面源污染的重要技术之一, 而土壤养分测试与作物营养诊断是其实施的技术保障, 特别是在农业规模化经营方式下, 急需发展快速、经济、无损的作物氮素营养诊断技术。本文在应用数字图像进行冬小麦、夏玉米氮素营养诊断研究的基础上, 将数码相机搭载到无人机上, 利用无人机航拍技术采集作物冠层数字图像, 研究不同航拍高度下冠层图像相关色彩参数反演冬小麦和夏玉米氮素营养状态的差异, 以确定适宜的航拍高度与敏感的色彩参数, 建立利用无人机航拍数字图像诊断冬小麦和夏玉米氮素营养状态的模型。研究结果表明: 在冬小麦拔节期适宜的航拍高度是16 m, 敏感的色彩参数是可见光大气阻抗植被指数(VARI), 诊断模型为: 冬小麦茎基部硝酸盐浓度=2.103 4e18.874VARI; 夏玉米大喇叭口期适宜的航拍高度是50 m, 敏感色彩参数是蓝光标准化值[B/(R+G+B)], 诊断模型为: 夏玉米第1完全展开叶叶脉硝酸盐浓度=1.5261032[B/(R+G+B)]50.445。依据建立的航拍方法与诊断模型, 分别对冬小麦、夏玉米进行了氮素状态监测的验证, 结果表明诊断结果与冬小麦、夏玉米实测数据的决定系数分别为0.80和0.85, 且均在P<0.01水平显著相关。最后将研究结果进行应用, 生成了冬小麦、夏玉米氮肥追肥作业图。利用无人机搭载数码相机对冬小麦、夏玉米进行氮素营养诊断简单、可行, 但仍有一些技术细节需要完善, 以提高该技术的实用性。
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Basic Disciplines of Agriculture submitted time 2017-11-08 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract：盐渍区土地利用变化与土壤-植被系统固碳潜力耦合关系的研究对以植被建设、增加碳汇为目的的盐渍区最优土地利用方式的实施具有重要的理论和实际意义。本研究以滨海撂荒盐碱裸地为对照, 连续观测和定量描述栽植3年和10年的柽柳林、栽植2年和8年的人工枸杞林及冬季咸水结冰灌溉结合地膜覆盖下的棉田的土壤有机碳和植被生物量的动态变化过程, 探讨不同土地利用方式下土壤-植被系统固碳能力, 为进一步提升区域碳储量提供理论依据。研究表明: 1)柽柳、枸杞的栽植及结冰灌溉结合覆膜等土地利用方式在撂荒盐碱地实施后, 土壤-植被系统固碳能力明显增强, 且土壤容重显著减小; 栽植10年的柽柳林和栽植8年的枸杞林土壤-植被系统碳储量最高, 分别为118.24 t•hm2和96.27 t•hm2, 比冬季咸水结冰灌溉结合地膜覆盖棉田增加58.51 t•hm2和36.54 t•hm2, 比撂荒盐碱裸地增加83.39 t•hm2和61.42 t•hm2。2)对不同土地利用方式固碳趋势研究发现, 栽植3年的柽柳林和栽植2年的枸杞林土壤-植物系统固碳速率较高, 分别为10.08 t•hm2∙a1和2.71 t•hm2∙a1。冬季咸水结冰灌溉结合地膜覆盖棉田固碳速率较低, 仅为0.53 t•hm2∙a1。栽植10年的柽柳和栽植8年的枸杞样地, 植株固碳速率明显减慢, 土壤-植被系统表现为一个弱的碳源。春季地表覆膜处理棉花存活率低且植株成熟后秸秆被移除, 碳储量每年净减少0.86 t•hm2。撂荒盐碱裸地在无外源碳补充的条件下表现为碳源, 土壤-植被系统碳储量减少速率为1.42 t•hm2∙a1。综上所述, 滨海盐渍区人工栽植柽柳和枸杞是提高区域碳储量的有效途径。
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Basic Disciplines of Agriculture submitted time 2017-11-08 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract：在河北省沧州市海兴县选取耕层土壤初始含水量有较大差异的两个地块, 于春季利用当地高矿化度咸水(10~15 g∙L1)进行灌溉和地膜覆盖, 以探究地膜覆盖对春季咸水灌溉条件下滨海盐渍土水盐动态的影响。设不灌咸水不覆膜(对照, CK)、不灌咸水覆膜(PM)及3月29日和4月13日灌咸水不覆膜(SE、SL)、灌咸水后覆膜(SE+PM、SL+PM)6个处理探讨不同咸水灌溉和覆膜对土壤水盐动态的影响; 另在耕层土壤含水量≥20%(海兴县小山乡)和<20%(海兴县农场)两个地点分别设灌咸水后覆膜(SE+PM)和不灌咸水不覆膜(CK)处理, 探讨初始土壤含水量对咸水灌溉下土壤水盐动态的影响。灌水量均为180 mm, 灌溉咸水来自排水渠, 矿化度分别为12.12 g∙L1和11.53 g∙L1, 咸水入渗后, 播种油葵。结果表明: 春季咸水灌溉后覆膜能有效降低耕层土壤盐分, 并且该项措施实施的时间越早越好, 脱盐深度和脱盐率均较深和较高, 本研究中, 脱盐效果最优的为SE+PM处理, 该处理在油葵收获后0~5 cm脱盐率为58.93%, 土壤含盐量由1.15%降至0.51%。此外, 脱盐效果也受到土壤初始含水量的影响, 耕层土壤含水量<20%时, 春季咸水灌溉覆膜处理对土壤盐分的淋洗效果较好, 平均脱盐深度大于40 cm, 保证了油葵正常生长, 油葵出苗率和产量分别为73.9%和920 kg∙hm2, 至油葵收获时, 0~20 cm土层土壤含盐量由灌溉前的1.93%降低至0.32%, 脱盐率达84.07%; 而当耕层土壤含水量≥20%时, 脱盐速度慢、深度浅, 至油葵播种时, 土壤盐分依然较高, 导致油葵出苗率低, 最终绝收。本研究通过利用春季高矿化度咸水灌溉和地膜覆盖措施, 在春季干旱和土壤严重积盐条件下有效降低了耕层土壤盐分, 为作物播种出苗提供适宜的土壤水分条件和低盐环境。
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